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Blood on the Marias: The Baker Massacre, by Paul R. Wylie
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On the morning of January 23, 1870, troops of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry attacked a Piegan Indian village on the Marias River in Montana Territory, killing many more than the army’s count of 173, most of them women, children, and old men. The village was afflicted with smallpox. Worse, it was the wrong encampment. Intended as a retaliation against Mountain Chief’s renegade band, the massacre sparked public outrage when news sources revealed that the battalion had attacked Heavy Runner’s innocent village—and that guides had told its inebriated commander, Major Eugene Baker, he was on the wrong trail, but he struck anyway. Remembered as one of the most heinous incidents of the Indian Wars, the Baker Massacre has often been overshadowed by the better-known Battle of the Little Bighorn and has never received full treatment until now.
Author Paul R. Wylie plumbs the history of Euro-American involvement with the Piegans, who were members of the Blackfeet Confederacy. His research shows the tribe was trading furs for whiskey with the Hudson’s Bay Company before Meriwether Lewis encountered them in 1806. As American fur traders and trappers moved into the region, the U.S. government soon followed, making treaties it did not honor. When the gold rush started in the 1860s and the U.S. Army arrived, pressure from Montana citizens to control the Piegans and make the territory safe led Generals William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip H. Sheridan to send Baker and the 2nd Cavalry, with tragic consequences. Although these generals sought to dictate press coverage thereafter, news of the cruelty of the killings appeared in the New York Times, which called the massacre “a more shocking affair than the sacking of Black Kettle’s camp on the Washita” two years earlier.
While other scholars have written about the Baker Massacre in related contexts, Blood on the Marias gives this infamous event the definitive treatment it deserves. Baker’s inept command lit the spark of violence, but decades of tension between Piegans and whites set the stage for a brutal and too-often-forgotten incident.
- Sales Rank: #597836 in Books
- Published on: 2016-02-26
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.13" w x 6.00" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 336 pages
Review
“Major Eugene M. Baker’s brutal attack on an innocent village of Piegan Indians was another of those appalling bloodlettings in western American Indian history. Baker’s destruction of the Marias River encampment in northern Montana in 1870 was of the same ilk as the brutality waged earlier at Sand Creek and Bear River and later at Wounded Knee. Dare we forget any of them and dare we not tell these stories straight. Here Paul Wylie takes on this difficult story in a smartly written, exhaustively researched account that begins in the earliest days of Piegan contact with whites and carries through their darkest hour. It’s a tough tale, rightly well told.”—Paul L. Hedren, author of After Custer: Loss and Transformation in Sioux Country
“Paul Wylie’s Blood on the Marias is nothing less than compelling. The writing is clear and imaginative, the research exhaustive, and the drama sinister and electric. Embedded in the melancholy story of Blackfeet-American relationships, the 1870 disaster of the Baker Massacre should, thanks to Paul Wylie, never again be forgotten or even thought obscure. It remains too sad and too close.”—William E. Farr, author of Blackfoot Redemption: A Blood Indian’s Story of Murder, Confinement, and Imperfect Justice
About the Author
Paul R. Wylie, a retired attorney and now an independent researcher and writer, is author of The Irish General: Thomas Francis Meagher. He lives in Bozeman, Montana.
Most helpful customer reviews
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
How the West was Won
By greenpete
It's hard to fathom. But there was a time when the U.S. government actively engaged in ethnic cleansing.
And U.S. military and political leaders actually pondered the idea of genocide... on American soil.
American Indian history isn't taught much in schools today. And it’s easy to understand why. Our treatment of the aboriginals of this country is a dark stain which may never be erased. And one of the most appalling chapters in this sad saga is the story of the Piegan Blackfeet of northwestern Montana. This book deals with that chapter.
Most Americans have heard of Little Bighorn, even if they don’t know the details. Colorful cavalryman George A. Custer had his last stand here. But few Americans know about Sand Creek, Washita, Ash Hollow, Bear River, and Wounded Knee, where innocent Cheyenne, Sioux, and Shoshone women and children were slaughtered in the name of Manifest Destiny. And only a precious few scholars know of the Marias Massacre, also known as the Baker Massacre. There's a reason why this abomination has been kept secret: as shocking as the above episodes are, the bloody encounter on the Marias River in 1870 is perhaps the most shocking of all.
Author Paul Wylie came upon this story by accident, while researching for a previous book. But he's produced the first comprehensive analysis of the Baker Massacre, and his scholarly treatment is long overdue. It evidently took him years to pry details of this massacre from the iron vaults of the National Archives, and from army correspondence papers, personal letters, and obscure newspaper accounts. He frames his examination of the massacre - in truth, a "mass murder" - with a solid history of the Piegan Blackfeet, including their fascinating and fortuitous 1806 encounter with explorer Meriwether Lewis.
We also get the all-too-familiar perfect storm scenario that led to the attack: the inevitable broken treaties, murders (on both sides), settler and newspaper hysterics, and heinous practice of whiskey trading by unscrupulous frontier lowlifes. This all dovetailed with a U.S. Army run by commanders who were hardened by the Civil War, who had a penchant for glory-seeking, and whose brutality was informed by racism at best, and sociopathic tendencies at worst (Sheridan and Sherman receive full treatment here).
Without giving away too much, the Baker Massacre had several things which separated it from similar atrocities against Native Americans: first, the Piegan village that was attacked was, at the time, being ravaged by smallpox; second, most of the Piegan braves had gone hunting, leaving primarily women, children, and elderly; third, the attack occurred at dawn, in sub-zero temperatures, with minimal resistance from the villagers (only one soldier was killed, with a minimum 173 Indians killed, although probably many more); fourth, the commander and many of the troops were drunk; and fifth... it was the wrong village.
Wylie, a retired attorney, must have really struggled to restrain his emotions while writing this book. He slips into subjectivity only once, in his Preface, when he describes what happened to those villagers as being one of the saddest things he's ever encountered. The rest of the book is entirely objective and buttressed by credible footnotes.
The Baker Massacre is, indeed, incredibly sad. It's also one of the most shameful incidents in this nation's history. It's been kept under wraps because the army wanted it kept under wraps. If you're a history teacher, please devote class time to the history of Plains Indians and the Baker Massacre. If you’re not a history teacher, but enjoy reading about history... strike a blow for truth and get a copy of this book.
- Peter Kurtz, author "Bluejackets in the Blubber Room: A Biography of the WILLIAM BADGER, 1828-1865"
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Looking Back in Sadness
By Amazon Customer
Revisionist history is not some recent invention of left-leaning professors whose work trashes all our former heroes. All good history revises its predecessors because our view of the past is unavoidably colored by experiences of the present. For example, reminding Americans that in the 1940s they confined their own citizens in concentration camps based on nothing more than suspicion is something we need to remember in an age where irresponsible politicians call for “monitoring” Muslim neighborhoods. Such a “revisionist” interpretation of the past is a necessary part of helping a society to mature.
There may be a few people who might consider this fine book by Paul Wylie to be a “revisionist” look at our troubled past dealing with American indigenous people, but I am not one of them. The Marias River Massacre is a story that needs to be told, and retold, with unvarnished clarity. A few previous interpretations of this horrific 1870 slaughter have bordered on the apologetic, and the true significance of incident has been obscured as a result. Wylie weaves these secondary sources into his narrative coupled with a laser-sharp focus on original research to produce a book that is both engaging and unspeakably sad. The events leading up to the massacre of an innocent band of Piegans in northern Montana, the actual details of the fight, and the repercussions of its aftermath are all described in clear, crisp prose. It would be hard to imagine a more thorough investigation of the topic. I highly recommend this book.
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Superior academic resource on the Marias Massacre
By Amazon Customer
This book explores a very unique, and under researched topic in the area of the massacre of Indigenous Americans. This is a thorough, well written and well researched and cited piece of work. I learned a lot, and it was instrumental in writing my personal thesis on the subject of the Marias Massacre. It gives a solid background of events, expanding outwards to how and why events within political structures of the military and personal relationships affected the outcome of the massacre.
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